Comparison of air-cathode single chamber and double chamber Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sulfide-containing wastewater treatment was carried out. It was found that sulfide containing wastewater could be treated based on MFC technology with energy recovery. The maximum open circuit voltage of 897.2 mV and 821.7 mV, maximum power density of 340.0 mW/m ² and 273.8 mW/m ² , and the coulombic efficiency (CE) of 5.6% and 10.7% were realized in the single chamber and double chamber MFCs, respectively, with influent sulfide 100 mg/L and glucose 812 mg/L. Single chamber MFCs had higher performance in electricity output, but double chamber ones had a higher CE. After 72 hours operation of the single chamber MFCs, sulfide and TOC removal efficiencies reached 75.4% and 17.8%, respectively. Results indicate the feasibility of sulfide removal in MFCs and the cathode resistance is recognized as the main limiting factor in the reported system.

From the perspective of both production and consumption, this paper constructed an index of environmental resources occupation changes to assess the industrial transfer, and divided it into visible transfer based on the traditional changes of production share and invisible transfer based on the changes of consumption. The transfer among China’s 30 provinces for three major water pollution-intensive industries was analyzed. Results in the period of 2002-2007 show that paper products industry transfers out to the eastern region, and visible transfer is dominant; chemicals industry transfers out to the eastern region as well, but invisible transfer is dominant; while agro-food processing industry transfers out to the central and western regions, and both visible and invisible transfer are significant. Given the different transfer characteristics, policies on industry transfer for different industries should be made discriminatingly in the future.

Research progresses in parameterization schemes for estimating downward shortwave and longwave radiations are reviewed by use of satellite data and ground-based routine observations in recent years. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the relevant literatures, the theoretical backgrounds of downward shortwave and longwave radiation parameterization schemes are described. According to the clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions, the radiation parameterization schemes are summarized and their advantages and disadvantages in the practical application are reviewed. Under clear-sky conditions, the main parameterization schemes of downward shortwave radiation are statistical methods and radiative transfer models; the longwave radiation parameterization schemes are mainly single-parameter and dual-parameter methodologies. Under cloudy-sky conditions, radiation parameterization schemes are mainly limited to the determination of cloudiness. The limitations of estimating downward shortwave and longwave radiation on the surface are the selections of appropriate parameterization scheme that need considering land cover types and the attainment of meteorological observations and satellite remote sensing data. In the future, the relatively promising estimation approach is pointed out by combination of polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite remote sensing data.

In order to study the distribution of latent heat flux in Northern China, a scheme, eliminating the need of ground meteorology data as input and only using remotely sensed information, is proposed to estimate latent heat flux over semiarid areas for clear sky days. In this scheme, latent heat flux is calculated based on surface energy balance: net radiation is estimated using an improved parameterization; soil heat flux is calculated through a regression equation; evaporative ratio is obtained by S-SEBI model. Based on land and atmospheric data products available from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), this scheme is validated by clear sky datasets at the degraded grassland site and the farmland site during June to November in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The results indicate that the proposed scheme can effectively calculate the latent heat flux. The root mean square error (RMSE) for the estimated latent heat flux in grassland and farmland are 60.4 and 64.6 W/m² respectively, and the mean error (ME) are 18.6 and 32.4 W/m² respectively.

The observations of ozone sounding at Shanghai Baoshan National Climate Stations during May 2007 and December 2009 are analyzed. The results show that ozone vertical distribution is mainly influenced by photochemistry and dynamic transport. Ozone distribution in the boundary layer and the middle and upper stratosphere is apparently influenced by photochemistry. In the boundary layer, ozone concentration gradient varies positively. Influencing factors such as temperature, radiation and vapor, lead to a seasonal variation of highest ozone in the summer and lowest ozone in the winter. Above 26 km, photochemical processes lead to the highest ozone concentrations in the middle and upper stratosphere in the summer, vice versa in the winter. Dynamic transport significantly influences ozone level in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, about 10-17 km. Ozone concentration is highest in spring due to the process of stratosphere-troposphere exchange.

In order to monitor the range and extent of drought and resolve the serious problems of the semi-arid regions, a soil moisture retrieval method by satellite microwave remote sensing is proposed. The relation of microwave brightness temperature and surface soil moisture was simulated by surface and atmosphere microwave radiative transfer models. The soil moisture retrieval algorithm in the logarithm-cubic form was established. By using the data of the microwave radiation imager aboard the FY-3A polar orbiting meteorological satellite and the retrieval algorithm, the soil moisture was derived for the farmland and the grassland in Tongyu of Jilin. The result shows that the retrieval soil moisture is in good agreement with the ground-based observations. The root mean square error is 0.003 cm³/cm³ for the farmland, and 0.005 cm³/cm³ for grassland. The method can be applied to the future FY-3B satellite that is possible to derive more information. With the improved radiation transfer model in the future, the radiation characteristics of the various grounds will be obtained. The regional moisture study will be carried on in the future.

Ground-level NO₂ concentrations in Shanghai between May 2006 and August 2008 are estimated using the tropospheric NO₂ column concentration data of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard AURA. In-situ measurements of surface NO₂ concentrations of Xujiahui, Shanghai are corrected using global 3-D chemical transport model MOZART-2, and are used to validate the surface NO₂ concentrations derived from tropospheric columns. The results show a significant correlation between monthly mean OMI derived surface NO₂ concentrations and in-situ NO₂ surface concentrations (R²=0.88), indicating that it is reliable to infer ground-level NO₂ concentration from NO₂ tropospheric column concentration.

Isotopic composition of nonmethane hydrocarbons, sampled by Tenax TA adsorption tube and detected by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass chromatography was analyzed in the main functional area, Lanzhou. The results show that the average δ¹³C values of transportation related sources is - 28. 7‰, significantly below the value of coal-combustion exhaust( - 24. 1‰) . In summer the average δ¹³C values of atmospheric NMHCs are close to each other( from - 29. 5‰ to - 27.4‰), while in winter the average δC values in Xigu industrial estate(-25.5‰) is larger than that in Panxuanlu(-28.8‰) and Erdianchang(- 31.2‰). The results of source analysis indicate that the atmospheric NMHCs in Panxuanlu are mainly emitted by transportation related sources both in summer and winter; the atmospheric NMHCs in Xigu industrial estate in winter are mainly influenced by coal-combustion exhaust, while in summer n-alkanes and benzene are mainly from transportation related sources; in winter atmosphere in Erdianchang pentane, hexane and benzene are from transportation related sources; in summer atmosphere in residential area the NMHCs are mainly influenced by transportation related sources and some unknown sources; benzene is mainly emitted by transportation related sources and was detected in every sampling site both in winter and summer. To reduce the pollution of NMHCs, it is important to control transportation related sources.

The study of general status of NMOCs, NMOCs composition and ozone formation potentials of various NMOCs species help better understand the ozone problem and make effective ozone abatement strategies in NMOCs-sensitive regime. Analysis of NMOCs 24-hours sampling from November 6, 2005 to August 8,2007 in urban Shanghai Xujiahui indicates that daily NMOCs display no apparent seasonal variation with average concentration of about 50 ppbv. The major components are alkanes, alkenes and aromatics. Due to their relatively high reactivities and concentrations, aromatics play a dominant role in contributing to ozone photochemical production. Toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, butene and propene are found to be among the top list of ozone formation potentials. NMOCs in urban Shanghai are largely of anthropogenic origin. They are mainly from vehicular exhausts, evaporation of solvents and architectural materials and emissions from the petrochemical complex in the southern Jinshan District.

Individual sodium titanate nanowire-based device is fabricated via e-beam lithography techniques. The authors measure their electrical transport properties in air and in vacuum respectively and find that the electrical transport of sodium titanate nanowires devices is affected. This is attributed to oxygen adsorption on the surface of nanowire. In addition, the authors study ultraviolet (UV) light response of sodium titanate nanowire-based devices and find that UV light may induce a large photoconductivity. The work shows that sodium titanate nanowires may be used potentially as gas sensors and photoelectric sensors.

Carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention as new probe tips for Atomic Force Microscopy due to their tiny diameter and excellent mechanical properties. In this paper, a new method was developed to assemble a carbon nanotube onto a tungsten tip. This tip was then used as probe of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and got clear step image of high ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface.

Motion compensated prediction (MCP) error image has significant amplitudes mainly along the boundaries of moving objects, correspondingly its wavelet coefficients contain large energy in high frequency bands. This greatly reduces the coding efficiency of EZW. It is first provided that the correspondence between the significant amplitudes area of the MCP error image and the wavelet coefficient significant map, then encode the significant map efficiently using quadtree approach, followed by bit-plane coding the significant coefficients to produce an embedded data stream. Experiment result shows that compared to EZW and ZTE, the proposed algorithm is more efficient and has better performance.

Block motion estimation using full search is computationally intensive, many fast algorithm have proposed to reduce the computation at the expense of less accuracy of motion estimation. In this paper, we present a new fast and efficient search algorithm for block motion estimation. The proposed algorithm is based on the ideas of predicted starting search point, subsampled block distortion measure, center-biased distribution of motion vector, multiple-candidate diamond search. From the experimental results, the proposed algorithm is superior to many other well-known fast algorithms in both quality performance and computational complexity.

A strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, W11, isolated from the root of sugar cane has been identificated as Pantoea agglomeras using an auto-identificat ion system for bacterium based on 96 biochemical test data. W11 has the properties of tolerance to acid(pH3.5) and high sucrose concentration (30%), A amount of acid was formed and reduced the acidity of medium to pH of 4.41, the nitrogenase activity was inhibited in presence of 3.1mmol NH₄NO₃ or 58.5mmol NaNO₃. The optimum growth and maximum nitrogenase activity of W11 occurs at the medium containing 10% sucrose and 0.25g/L sodium glutamate, pH5.5, 28-30^oC. Its behaviours of tolerance to acid and high sucrose concentration, acid production and the use of carbon substrates is simiiar to that the Acetobacter diazotrophicus has. The strain W11 was inferred to have a nitrogen-fixing relationship associated with the root of sugar cane.

Let {X_n, n≥1}be a sequence of i.i.d.random variables with acommon nondegenerate d.f., for each n≥1, denote X_{n, 1}≤...≤X_{n, n} as the order statistics of X₁，…，X_n and for integers 1≤l_n≤r_n≤n and nonnegative real numbers p_n and q_n, define S_n(l_n, r_n)=∑^r_n-1_i=l _n+1X_{n, i} +p_nX_{n, ln}+q_nX_{n, rn}. Assume that { l_n, n≥1} satisfies either l_n=l for all n≥1 (l is a fixed positive integer), or l_n→∞ and l_n/(n+1)→0 and that {r_n, n≥1} satisfies n-r_n+1→∞　and r_n/(n+1>→λ∈(0, 1]. We will discuss asymptotic distributions of normalized sums {(S_n(l_n, r_n)-β _n)/α _n, n≥1}. Results on trimmed sums and winsorized sums will be obtained as special cases of the above sums. Especially, we will improve a Griffin's result on asymptotic normality of winsorized sums and give a positive reply for one of his conjectures.